One of the famous Chola dynasty temples, it was built during the ⦠Virarajendra Chola defeated Someshvara II of the Western Chalukya Empire and made an alliance with Prince Vikramaditya VI. [220], Parantaka II was a devotee of the reclining Vishnu (Vadivu Azhagiya Nambi) at Anbil, on the banks of the Kaveri river on the outskirts of Tiruchy, to whom he gave numerous gifts and embellishments. [244], There were stage productions based on the life of Rajaraja Chola during the 1950s and in 1973 Sivaji Ganesan acted in a screen adaptation of a play titled Rajaraja Cholan. The assessment and collection of revenue were undertaken by corporate bodies such as the ur, nadu, sabha, nagaram and sometimes by local chieftains who passed the revenue to the centre. Chola administration and territorial integrity until the rule of Kulothunga Chola III was stable and very prosperous up to 1215, but during his rule itself, the decline of the Chola power started following his defeat by Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan II in 1215–16. Rajendra Chola III who succeeded Rajaraja III was a much better ruler who took bold steps to revive the Chola fortunes. The Nattar was the assembly of a whole district (or nadu) and decided all the cases pertaining to that unit. The magnificent Shiva temple of Thanjavur, completed around 1009, is a fitting memorial to the material achievements of the time of Rajaraja. [241], Kalki's earlier historical romance, Parthiban Kanavu, deals with the fortunes of the imaginary Chola prince Vikraman, who was supposed to have lived as a feudatory of the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I during the 7th century. They thoroughly exploited the lack of unity among the Tamil kingdoms and alternately supported one Tamil kingdom against the other thereby preventing both the Cholas and Pandyas from rising to their full potential. This permitted a steady improvement in the commerce of southern Indian and better communications with the Chinese to whom Kulottunga I (1070-1118) sent an embassy of 72 merchants in 1077. The work Parpannamritam (17th century) refers to the Chola king called Krimikanta who is said to have removed the Govindaraja idol from the Chidambaram Nataraja temple. [112] Punishment for minor crimes were in the form of fines or a direction for the offender to donate to some charitable endowment. The Chola royal family followed the principle that eldest son should succeed the king to the Chola throne. [25] The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present a connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived. [145] Rajendra Chola I dug near his capital an artificial lake, which was filled with water from the Kolerun and the Vellar rivers. It played a significant role in linking the markets of China to the rest of the world. [126] The navy grew both in size and status during the medieval Cholas reign. [103] Some of the output of villages throughout the kingdom was given to temples that reinvested some of the wealth accumulated as loans to the settlements. The Chola kingship was hereditary. Their idols were kept in temples. Rajaraja Chola I launched several naval campaigns that resulted in the capture of Sri Lanka, Maldives and the Malabar Coast. Chinese Song dynasty reports that an embassy from Chulian (Chola) reached the Chinese court in the year 1077 and that the possible king was called Ti-hua kia- lo (Kulothuga Chola I). Ancient and medieval Tamil texts mention different forms of martial traditions but the ultimate expression of the loyalty of the warrior to his commander was a form of martial suicide called Navakandam. He ascended the throne in the year 985 CE and he was assisted by his sister Kundavai Pirattiyar in administration and management of temples. The Contribution of the Cholas in the Expansion of Indian Culture outside India, Social Structure of the Rajputs in India (331 Words). [178][full citation needed][179][full citation needed], The Cholas continued the temple-building traditions of the Pallava dynasty and contributed significantly to the Dravidian temple design. [27] After Rajendra Chola moved his capital to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Thanjavur lost its importance. The Chola rulers are remembered most for their creations rather than their ruling.. Chola rulers were active patrons of the arts, poetry, drama, music, and dance. [160] The south Indian guilds played a major role in interregional and overseas trade. Rajendra Chola, the heir and son of Rajaraja Chola I, took over the kingdom after his fatherâs death and was an able ruler, just like him. Rajendra Chola built a huge tank named Solagangam in his capital city Gangaikonda Solapuram and was described as the liquid pillar of victory. [170], Under the Cholas, the Tamil country reached new heights of excellence in art, religion, music and literature. The antiquity of this dynasty is evident from the mentions in ancient Tamil literature and in inscriptions. [49] Vijayalaya, possibly a feudatory of the Pallava dynasty, took an opportunity arising out of a conflict between the Pandya dynasty and Pallava dynasty in c. 850, captured Thanjavur from Muttarayar, and established the imperial line of the medieval Chola Dynasty. [136][137], Metal crafts reached its zenith during the 10th to 11th centuries because the Chola rulers like Chembian Maadevi extended their patronage to metal craftsmen. [59] This expedition had such a great impression to the Malay people of the medieval period that his name was mentioned in the corrupted form as Raja Chulan in the medieval Malay chronicle Sejarah Melayu. Theâtwo best remembered Chola rulers were Rajaraja I and his son and successor Rajendra I. [42][44], Around the 7th century, a Chola kingdom flourished in present-day Andhra Pradesh. [110][111][112] A number of kurrams constituted a valanadu. Completed around 1030, only two decades after the temple at Thanjavur and in the same style, the greater elaboration in its appearance attests the more affluent state of the Chola Empire under Rajendra. The Pandyas first steadily gained control of the Tamil country as well as territories in Sri Lanka, southern Chera country, Telugu country under Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan II and his able successor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan before inflicting several defeats on the joint forces of the Cholas under Rajaraja Chola III, and the Hoysalas under Someshwara, his son Ramanatha[81] The Pandyans gradually became major players in the Tamil country from 1215 and intelligently consolidated their position in Madurai-Rameswaram-Ilam-southern Chera country and Kanyakumari belt, and had been steadily increasing their territories in the Kaveri belt between Dindigul-Tiruchy-Karur-Satyamangalam as well as in the Kaveri Delta i.e., Thanjavur-Mayuram-Chidambaram-Vriddhachalam-Kanchi, finally marching all the way up to Arcot—Tirumalai-Nellore-Visayawadai-Vengi-Kalingam belt by 1250. Ur was the general assembly of the village where the local residents discussed their matters without any formal rules or procedure. [12][13] They were also well known for their art, specifically temple sculptures and 'Chola bronzes', exquisite bronze sculptures of Hindu deities built in a lost wax process they pioneered; that continues (to a certain extent) to this day. Marital and political alliances between the Eastern Chalukyas began during the reign of Rajaraja following his invasion of Vengi. [143] The vellan-vagai was the ordinary ryotwari village of modern times, having direct relations with the government and paying a land-tax liable to revision from time to time. He built up a new capital called Gangaikondacholapuram. The government at this time had a large land revenue department, consisting of several tiers, which was largely concerned with maintaining accounts. [237] The most important work of this genre is the popular Ponniyin Selvan (The son of Ponni), a historical novel in Tamil written by Kalki Krishnamurthy. During Rajendra Chola reign the kingdom was called the "Golden Age of Cholas." Towards the middle of the 9th century, Vijayalaya (846-870) conquered Tanjore (the heart of Tamilnadu) and declared himself the ruler of an independent state. During the past 150 years, historians have gleaned significant knowledge on the subject from a variety of sources such as ancient Tamil Sangam literature, oral traditions, religious texts, temple and copperplate inscriptions. All authority rested in his hands. The insignia of Cholas was âtigerâ. Chola rule or influence on Srivijava would last until 1070 when the Cholas begin to lost almost all of its overseas territories. The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th century.
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